The FUNdamentals of Type HW

... they're FUN and educational. Sorry. Couldn't resist. Anyway ...

• Absolute Measurement – expressed in finite terms (inches, millimeters, points, picas…)
  
• Relative Measurement – linked to type size, based on a percentage (character spacing, leading…)
  
• Points/Picas – standard measurement units of type, refers to height of type block, one point = 1/72 of an inch, twelve points per pica
  
• x-height – height of the main body of lower case letters, usually slightly more than half of the cap height, the bigger the x-height the bigger the font may seem

• The em – relative unit of measurement, equals size of type, used for defining elements (paragraph indents, spacing…)
  
• The en – relative unit of measurement, half of the em, to denote nested clauses, can also mean “to”
  
• Dashes (hyphen, en, em) – short, horizontal rules, measurements used to decide length of dashes, hyphen = one third of an em
  
• Alignments: Justification, Flush Left, Flush Right – position of type within a text block, vertical and horizontal planes; justification = forcing the text to fill the space (either horizontally or vertically), hyphenation can help spacing problems; flush left = follows principle of handwriting, text aligned to left and ragged on right, flush right = less common, difficult to read
  
• Letterspacing – increase space between letters
  
• Kerning – decrease space between letters
  
• Tracking – adjusting the space between letters
  




• Word Spacing – adjusting the space between words
  
• Widow – lone word at the end of a paragraph
  
• Orphan – last one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main body by the creation of a new column
  
• Leading – space between lines of text in a text block
  
• Indent, Fist Line Indent, Hanging Indent – provides reader with an entry point to a paragraph; first-line indent = first line in the second and later paragraphs are indented from the left margin; hanging indent = indent from the left or right margin on several lines of text, first line is not indented

Everything you always wanted to know, but were too afraid to ask...

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